Glossary
- Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space
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Mass: is the measure of the amount of matter
-
Volume: the measure of how much space an object fills
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Physical property: a characteristic or description of a
- substance that may help identify it
States of Matter
Solid = definite shape, definite volume. Ex. Rock
Liquid = no shape, definite volume. Ex. Water
Gas = no shape, no volume. Ex. Air
Physical Properties
Property | Definition |
Hardness | Measure of resistance |
State | Whether it is a solid, liquid or gas at room temperature |
Malleability | Can be hammered or bent into different shapes |
Ductility | |
| Melting and boiling points | The temperature at which the substance melts or boils |
Brittleness | Shatter easily |
| Crystal form | Solid forms of many minerals |
| Solubility | Ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent |
| Viscosity | How easy a liquid flows |
| Density | The amount of matter per unit volume |
| Texture | Is it fine, coarse, smooth, gritty…? |
| Lustre | Is it shiny, dull? |
| Clarity | Is it cloudy, clear, opaque? |
Chemical Properties
Combustibility | The ability to react with O2/ ability to burn |
| Reaction with acid | The ability to create gas |
Density:
Density (D) = Mass(m)
Volume(V)
Physical Change
A change in which the substance involved remains the same, even though it may change state or form.
The Six Changes of State
| Name of change | From | To | Heat must be added/removed |
| Melting | Solid | Liquid | Added |
| Freezing | Liquid | Solid | Removed |
| Vaporization | Liquid | Gas | Added |
| Condensation | Gas | Liquid | Removed |
| Sublimation | Solid | Gas | Added |
| Sublimation | Gas | Solid | Removed |
Chemical Change
The alteration of a substance into one or more different substances, with different properties. Burning, cooking, rusting are examples.
Clues to a chemical change
- a new color appears
- heat or light is given off
- bubbles of gas are formed
- a solid material
- the change is difficult to reverse
Particle Theory of Matter
- all matter is composed of particles
- all particles of on substance are identical
- the spaces between the particles are large compared to the particles themselves
- the particles are in constant motion
- there are attracting forces between the particles, holding them together
Methods of Separating Mixtures
- sitting or sieving
- filtering
- distilling
- using a magnet
Pure substance: composed of one substance only
Mixture: is composed of 2 ore more substances
Types of mixtures
- Solution: 1 or more substances dissolved into another substance
- Heterogeneous mixture:2 or more substances are mixed and more than one phase seen
- Suspension: a mixture that contains suspended particles
- Homogeneous mixture: a mixture where the particles are mixed so completely that it looks and feels like one substance
Elements and Compounds
Element: A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
Atom: the smallest part of an element that is still that element
Compound: a pure substance made of 2 or more substances
Molecule: the smallest part of a compound that is still that compound
Particles that make up an atom are:
Protons = Large, positive charge
Neutrons = Large, neutral charge
Electrons = Very small, negative charge
Testing for gases
Oxygen: glowing splint test
Hydrogen: burning splint test
Carbon Dioxide: Limewater test
Water Vapor: Cobalt chloride test
Atomic Mass
Mass # = # of protons + # of neutrons
Ion
An atom that has gained an electrical charge
Chemical Families
- Noble Gases: on the far right. They are un:reactive and almost never form compounds
- Alkali Metals: on far left column. All are shiny, silvery metals that are extremely reactive.
- Halogens: to the left of the noble gases. They are the most reactive non:metals and are usually found in compounds.
- Metalloids: the elements that have both metallic and non:metallic properties
- Hydrogen: colorless, odorless, tasteless, and highly reactive gas that exists mainly in compounds
Periodic Table of Elements
- 109 squares each representing an element
- 18 rows and 7 columns
- # in top left corner of square is atomic number
- # below the elements symbol is the atomic mass
